Issues tend to arise when numbers increase or when the lawn is already under stress.

There are two main species that affect UK lawns – they are different and behave differently.

Tipula paludosa has a single lifecycle per year with adults emerging between August and September. Females lay eggs quickly and stay close to where they emerged. So, populations tend to build up in the same areas year after year.

Tipula oleracea enjoys two generations per year – May to June and August to September when females lay multiple batches of eggs over a longer period. Adults fly further, so populations are more spread out.

So, some lawns are experiencing repeated issues while others see only occasional or unpredictable outbreaks.

Leatherjackets lay their eggs in May or between August and October. Eggs are laid at the base of grass stems and will hatch fourteen days later.

In June and from the autumn and into winter the young larvae feed on roots so in mild winters they continue feeding and grow large enough to cause damage by late winter. By the spring and early winter, the damage becomes visible as lawns struggle to recover and in the summer the larvae will move deeper into the soil before pupating. By late summer it may be possible to see pupal cases sticking out of the lawn as the new adults emerge.

Leatherjackets spend most of their life underground. The adult crane fly stage is brief. Damage will vary depending on the number of larvae and lawn condition but can include yellowing or thin patches; slow or patchy turf recovery inn the spring, turf lifting easily from the soil, bare or muddy areas and birds pecking or pulling at the turf. This is often the first visible sign.